Knowledge Management Knowledge Creation in Organization

Knowledge Management Knowledge Creation in Organization In the present age, knowledge management (KM) is playing increasingly important role in both public and private organizations. However, there are many organizations did not realize the importance of KM. This value asset can contribute most of learning organizations in achieving their business aims and goals. To compete effectively in this twenty first century, organizations need to be aware on the environment changes within the organization and they needs to be the one that creates information and knowledge. In order to achieve this, both top management and support staff must be active key players in creating knowledge. Creating knowledge is not the matter of learning from others or obtaining knowledge from outside but knowledge must be built on its own through communication and interaction among people in the organization. Moreover, knowledge creation is part of knowledge management that is seen as heart to the successful of organizations where KM tasks involved in capturing the cre ativity, sharing and utilization of knowledge as well as professional that provides with competitive edge. This article is critically emphasizes on knowledge management and knowledge creation with SECI model, Ba concept and case study in regard to organizational adaption, survival and competence. Keywords: knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge creation, SECI model Ba concept, competitive edge, tacit and explicit knowledge Introduction Knowledge is now seems to be the significant to organization success where organization able to secure its competitive advantage and competent to achieve sustainable superior performance. As pointed out in Migliarese and Verteramo (2005) article based on Alvesson (1995), Drucker (1988) Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), Prusak (1997), many authors agreed that this competitive advantage relies on the ability to create new knowledge, to spread it throughout the organization and also to express that knowledge in products, services and systems. Knowledge creation also should be important part in any business strategy as this has agreed by many executives (Migliarese and Verteramo 2005). While organizational capability to create knowledge is the most important source of organization to sustain its competitive advantage (Junnakar, 1997; Nonaka et al., 2000; Parent et al., 2000). While organizational knowledge creation, need to be understood as a process that organizationally increases by individuals and develops it as a part of the knowledge network of the organization (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). Tacit and explicit knowledge are another crucial element that involved in the creating of knowledge. Tacit knowledge is important in creating knowledge in organization where logically this knowledge is created only by individuals. Nowadays, technology is crucial element that contributes to the creating of knowledge; however, knowledge management is not a technology. Technology is only a platform that enabled the activities of creati on and people is the one who produce the knowledge. Knowledge Management Concept There are numerous of knowledge management concept has been defined by various researchers and practitioners and there is no limitation to defined it. The concept of knowledge management in todays globalization world has brought to widen aspect, where it applies based on the circumstances of certain place, time as well as space. According to Awad and Ghaziri (2001) in their book of Knowledge Management, considered the knowledge management concept as a new interdisciplinary business model that has knowledge within the framework of an organization as its focus. Knowledge management is not only emphasizes on specific area of subject but it also covers all aspect of life comprising business, economic, psychology and information management. Becerra-Fernandez et al. (2004) have defined knowledge management as doing what is needed to get the most out of knowledge resources. Based on Awad and Ghaziri (2001) as taken from Malhotra (1999) stated that knowledge management provides to the seriou s issues of organizational adaption, survival and competence in the aspect of progressively discontinuous environmental. Basically, it represents organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technology and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings. In addition, knowledge management is seen as a repository where the composed of facts and information that can be stored, retrieved and transferred in order to run the business organization effectively. Besides, knowledge management also is more than getting the right information to the right individual at the right time. In upon of views by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), people do not only receive new knowledge passively but they interpret the knowledge actively in order to fit with their own situation and perspectives. Further, knowledge management assists people to share and put information in action in order to achieve the organization goals. However, Bodhanya (2008) argued that knowledge management cannot be considered as important for organizational success in the contemporary world because this may only be the case under certain conditions. Knowledge management is really about the relationships between people, process and technology in overlapping parts (Figure 1). In order to manage knowledge, organization must first list its people, systems and decisions as well. Even though there are still have yet to agree the definition on knowledge management from researchers and practitioners (Awad and Ghaziri, 2001), each definition of knowledge management should include the above three important elements as these elements enable the organization to position itself and has positive impact on business processes. Knowledge K Figure 1: Overlapping human, organizational and technological factors of KM Source: Awad, E.M. Ghaziri, H. M. Knowledge Management. International ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2004 Knowledge Creation Sabel (1994) as cited by Diego Puga and Daniel Trefler (2002) pointed out that knowledge creation is about shifting products and processes in theoretically ways of unpredictable. While as Soo, Divenney and Midgley (1999) have stated that knowledge creation is broadly known to be strategically essential for both organizational learning and innovation. In a different views, Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) said knowledge creation is basically depends on the mobilization and conversion of tacit knowledge. In the other hand, knowledge can be created through the process of tacit knowledge transfer as well as the conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. In addition, Choi and Lee (2002) referred to the views of Bloodgood and Salibury (2001) and Bohn (1994) said that, the continuous process that involves individuals and group of people within the organization and between organization share tacit and explicit knowledge is also known as knowledge creation. While for Ratcheva (2003) new k nowledge creation is collectively constructed and embedded in the organising practices of virtual teams activities. As written by Balestrin, Vargas and Fayard (2008) in their articles that taken from Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), knowledge creation is considered as a process of knowledge conversion. Knowledge conversion is the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge in the innovative of human beings activities where they are not isolated entities but complimentary entities. Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) have introduced a model of knowledge creation known as SECI model that involved socialization, externalization, combination and internalization. SECI process will be function effectively with the support of proper context (Balestrin, Vargas and Fayard 2008) that covers the aspect of time, space and relationship between people in the organization. However, for Awad and Ghaziri (2001), the knowledge creation is related to the updated knowledge which is based on the experiences in a certain problem area and utilizes the new knowledge in combination with initial knowledge in order to update the knowledge for the purpose of knowledge sharing. In different point of views by Lehaney et al. (2004), knowledge creation is a key factor in competitiveness in a service economy where the creation of new ideas, new methods to market the existing products, upgraded old products and brand new products are all based on idea. Two Dimensions of Knowledge Creation According to Daud et al. (2008), knowledge creation has two dimensions, which are epistemological and ontological. The epistemological knowledge creation dimension comprises of both tacit and explicit knowledge. As mentioned in the book of The Knowledge Creating Company by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), tacit knowledge is personal where it is difficult to formalize and communicate as it basically in peoples mind such as ideas and thought while explicit knowledge is a knowledge that is transmittable in formal with systematic language. However Daud et al. (2008) defined explicit knowledge as a knowledge that is described in symbols such as mathematical formula and statements. The interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge is presented in the Nonaka and Takeuchi SECI model. This model is basically shows the relationship between tacit and explicit knowledge with different modes of knowledge conversion in order to develop important information and knowledge as for the business purposes . In ontological knowledge creation dimension, it emphasizes more on the different level of knowledge creating entities which involves individual, group, organization and inter-organization (Daud et al., 2008). The concept of ontological dimension can be portrayed that it is impossible to create knowledge without a people where knowledge only can be created by them. Organization also need to have a clear understanding towards the created knowledge and should constitute it as a part of knowledge network of the organization. Knowledge Creation and Four Modes of Knowledge Conversion Based on the assumption that knowledge is created through the collaboration between tacit and explicit knowledge made by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), allows them to produce model of SECI modes. These four different modes were presented in the simple square box (Figure 2) and the conversion of knowledge consists of socialization (tacit knowledge to tacit knowledge), externalization (tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge), combination (explicit knowledge to explicit knowledge) and internalization (explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge). In socialization modes, knowledge is created through the interaction between people and mental models or knowledge sharing among team members in the organizations such as team meetings and discussion. As stated by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), individual can acquire tacit knowledge without language. While the concept of combination modes refer to the process of socialization where it merges different type of explicit knowledge that is produced by individual. This mode will be take place when individuals exchange and merge knowledge such as through meetings and phone conversation. According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), the reconfiguring of existing information through the sorting, adding, recategorizing and recontextualizing of explicit knowledge can assist in the production of new knowledge. Another two modes is the knowledge conversion process of both tacit to explicit communication also referred to as externalization and internalization modes. Externalization mode is very important in articulating among team through dialogue such as formal meeting and brainstorming. The process helps the team members to articulate the hidden tacit knowledge. This mode is different with internalization mode where it related to learning by doing such as a report and deducing ideas or taking constructive action. Socialization Externalization Combination Internalization Tacit Knowledge Tacit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge Figure 2: Conversion of knowledge between tacit and explicit forms Source: Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) Principally, in order to ensure the SECI process occurs effectively, Balestrin et al., (2008) said a proper context is required. This proper context referred to the concept of ba that developed by Nonaka and Konno (1998). The ba concept is originally created by Kitaro Nishida (Nonaka and Konno, 1998) which means multi context place (Kivijarvi, 2008). According to Nonaka, Toyama and Konno (2001, p. 22) ba can be defined as a shared context in which knowledge is shared, created and utilize. Each ba in ba concept supports a particular mode of knowledge conversion in the SECI process (Nonaka and Konno, 1998; Balestrin et al., 2008) as represented in Figure 2. This topic of ba concept will be explained further in the next topic. Knowledge Creation and the Characteristic of the Four Types of Ba According to Nonaka and Konno (1998), ba concept consists of four types of elements namely originating ba, interacting ba, cyber ba and exercising ba. While, Nonaka et al., (2002) have categorized it with different name of ba, there are originating ba, dialoguing ba, systemitizing ba and exercising ba. However, both opinions have similar concept. Each ba supports a particular mode of SECI model (Nonaka and Konno, 1998; Nonaka et al., 2002) and this lead to increase the speed of knowledge creation within the organization (Nonaka and Konno, 1998). For John and Cook (2001), it is very important to understand the characteristics of ba with the relationship of knowledge creation modes (SECI modes) to enhance organizational knowledge. Within a given perspective, this article will be followed the terms created by Nonaka et al. (2002). C:UsersIJAPictures2.jpg Figure 3: Types of Ba Source: Nonaka, Toyama and Konno (2002) taken from Balestrin et al. (2008) Originating ba is the beginning of the process of knowledge creation where it involves socialization mode (SECI model). Originating ba is the situation where individuals share their feelings, emotions, experiences and mental models. This can be achieved through the face to face interaction such as social gatherings and informal meetings (Trips and visits). Dialoguing ba is the second phase of ba concept where it refers to the situation where dialogue is a key to the conversion between people. This ba supports the conversion and articulation of tacit knowledge into a more external form. This means, individuals share their experiences and abilities, and finally transform it into common terms and concepts. While systematizing ba is the situation where it offers a context that combine explicit knowledge with the existing knowledge in the organization. For exercising ba, it allows the knowledge that has been socialized, externalized and systematized to be interpreted again or in the other hand it offers a context for the internalization of the knowledge again. Ba concept can be applied in the organization where it will guide an assist organization in analysing valuable basis for knowledge creation. As mentioned by Nonaka and Konnon (1998) awareness of different categories of ba can enable successful support of knowledge creation. Case Studies: Knowledge Creation in Organization This section will be presented one case studies about knowledge creation in the organization with the adaption of ba concept. Knowledge creation within the AGIVEST network Association of Rio Grande do Sul (AGIVEST) is a clothing industry that is located in southern Brazil. Based on the case study done in this small firm network, it was found out that majority knowledge is created from the information and knowledge sharing through the interaction between people in the organization. And this knowledge sharing occurs informally between the businessmen. Besides, several spaces in which this factor takes place in the network were identified. It was discovered that the effective process of knowledge creation in the AGIVEST that supported by the different types of ba concept lead to the creation of valuable knowledge assets in order to develop value and competitive differential for the organization. Various types of ba were identified and each type of ba identified works as different situation that promotes an effective platform as to make knowledge creation easier between the network firms. Based on the findings, there are 7 (seven) types of ba have been identified which consist of meetings at firms, assemblies, social gatherings, trips and visits to fairs, courses and lectures, strategic planning and electronic space. All the types of ba have been categorized according to respective ba as represented in Figure 4 below. As can be seen in the Figure 4, visits to factories, trips and visits to fairs and social gatherings and informal meetings were group under originating ba. As discussed above originating ba is a platform for individual to socialize with others through face to face interaction which they can share their feelings as well as experiences. In AGIVEST, the visits by businessmen between network industries assist them to identify enhancements of their business in the aspect of production processes, technologies and other production concepts. Through the visits and social gatherings also help them to strengthen the relationship between industries and increase the trustworthiness among networks. In fact, AGIVEST businessmen obtained chances to know the other experiences and cooperate together on the trends and challenges as well. C:UsersIJAPictures1.jpg Figure 3: Types of Ba in the AGIVEST Source: Balestrin et al. (2008) While in dialoguing ba, assist AGIVEST in to develop a good strategy in order to ensure their business stay competitive with others. It also helps in structuring their best network strategy planning as it were participated by all network businessmen. Through formal assemblies, they can take an action based on the planning that has been structured at collective decision making process in order to achieve its business goals and objectives. Electronic communication and courses and lectures occur under the systematizing ba. This stage helps the businessmen to share their knowledge that has been received from the previous stage of ba. As stated by Henderson and Sussman (1997), computer mediated communication may lead to the development quality knowledge creation through forum, and sharing beliefs, in order to confirming consensual interpretation and allowing expression of new ideas. However, limitation on it ensued in AGIVEST due to the systematization resources for knowledge was fragile and deficient, mainly in the aspect of non-existence of use of IT system. Finally, exercising ba was taken place as to produce new management concept and new production process. In short, by applying the ba concept, it helps the AGIVEST in observing the interaction between their networks that lead to the creation of knowledge. From the collected findings, it was discovered that most of the knowledge creation occurred in the AGIVEST was resulted from the informal communication between the businessmen. However, this evidence is not actually a definitive theory but it purposes to encourage further research concerning on knowledge creation and small firm network in the academic community. Conclusion As conclusion, many different types of knowledge can be created within the organization. Basically knowledge creation occurs in the organization is resulted from the interaction between people in the organization, and then this knowledge is captured and share among them for the purpose of business development. According to Ratcheva (2003), the creation of new knowledge is socially embedded in interaction and communication practices. She also said that new knowledge creation processes in virtual partnership exist in in the networks of professionals and the interaction and communication forms and rules established amongst team members decide how knowledge is gathered. Every individual in organization need to participate in the process of knowledge creation as this will lead to produce good answer to the presence problem. This method is very useful because by sharing knowledge whether in both formal and informal meetings can develop new management concept as well as better solutions for specific problems as these meetings were participated by various levels of people in the organization. All of them may contribute an idea based on their experiences at different level of job environments. However, according to Roth (2003) it is a challenge for all organizations to enhance effective knowledge creation within and between diverse knowledge areas, as significant in the deep professional knowledge area as in the cross-functional team area or other communities of practice. In reality, most of the existing study done on knowledge creation is emphasizes on the source and state of knowledge (John and Cook, 2001). Further study on this topic is needed to identify more comprehensive approach towards the creation of organizational knowledge, where the successful process of knowledge creation is resulted from the much cooperation and knowledge sharing between many organizations. Based on John and Cook (2001), research is needed where it must be beyond the source and state of knowledge in order to consider the conditions that enable knowledge creation. BIBLIOGRAPHY MLA Awad, E.M. Ghaziri, H. M. Knowledge Management. International ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2004 Adamo, Jean-Marc. Data Mining for Association Rules and Sequential Patterns: Sequential and Parallel Algorithms. United States, America: Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 2001. An Introduction to Data Mining. January 25, 2010. Data Mining. January 25, 2010. Data Mining Picture. February 10, 2010. Data Mining: What is Data Mining? January 25, 2010. Decision tree technique picture. February 10, 2010. Dennis, C., David M. Tony C. Data Mining for Shopping Centers: Customer Knowledge Management Framework. Journal of Knowledge Management. 5 (4) (2001):368-374. Dunham, Margaret H. Data Mining Introductory and Advanced Topics. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. Folorunso, O. Ogunde, A.O. Data Mining as a Technique for Knowledge Management in business process redesign. Information Management Computer Security. 13 (4) (2008): 274-280. Genetic Algorithms Mechanism Picture. February 10, 2009 Inmon, W.H, John A. Z. Jonathan G.G. Data Stores, Data Warehousing and the Zachman Framework Managing Enterprise Knowledge. United States, America: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Lee, S. J. Siau, K. A Review of data mining techniques. 101.1 (2001): 41-46. 25 January 2010. Nemati, H.R. Barko, C.D. Key factors for achieving organizational data-mining success. Industrial Management Data Systems. 103 (4) (2003): 282-292. Pendhakar, P. C. Managing Data Mining Technologies in Organizations: Techniques and Applications. United States, America: Idea Group Publishing, 2003. Wang, J. Data Mining Opportunities and Challenges. United States, America: Idea Group Publishing, 2002. Westpal, C. Balxton, T. Data Mining Solutions: Methods and Tolls for Solving Real-World Problems. Canada: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1998

Critical Review of Carn Essay -- Essays Papers

Critical Review of Carn The novel Carn, by Patrick McCabe, is a thought-provoking tale of people from a town in Ireland. The town, Carn, goes through economic failure, complete industrialization and commercial revival, back to total desolation. As the town changes, so do the main characters, Josie Keenan and Sadie Rooney. Although they do not know each other at the beginning of the novel, after the indulstrialization of the town, their lives eventually intersect. All they want from life is to lead normal lives -- outside of Carn. Even though Carn is now an industrial town, it holds bad memories and a sense of imprisonment for Josie and Sadie. Both their lives become tied to the town of Carn. Sadie plans to move to England, but when she becomes pregnant she must stay in Carn and raise a family. A lack of options forces Josie to remain in Carn, the only home she knows. Eventually, Josie's destructive lifestyle and the political conflicts between England and Ireland result in tragedy for both characters. McCabe does an excellent job at developing the characters of Josie, Sadie, and the town of Carn itself. He shows the futility of their hopes, which ultimately results in tragedy and despair. The reader can relate to the characters, and by the conclusion of the novel, the reader will feel as if s/he knows the characters personally. Josie Keenan lives a life without hope. The author does a good job of providing insight into Josie's life by informing the reader of everything that effects Josie from the beginning of her life, right until the end. Living with an abusive father has made Josie believe that no one is good, and everyone is only looking for what they can gain from others. The only kind words she has ever received are from her mother. Even this source of happiness is taken from her though, because her mother dies when Josie is young. She moves from an orphanage right into the working world, and into a world of men. Because she does not have a strong father figure in her life, she looks for love else where. Men love her body, and she loves the control this gives her. "Josie [sees] now that there [is] nothing she [can't] do with [men] (49)." She takes men's money and does with it as she pleases. She "[takes] the bus to a town across the border where she [sits] on her own in a cafe listening to a jukebox and eating ice-creams (... ...e able to give an inanimate object its own character, and to do it well. Carn is an excellent example of a well-developed character. McCabe's views of life are demonstrated by the lives of Sadie and Josie, and the town of Carn. McCabe's characters' lives are replete with suffering and sorrow, and they all react with bitter resignation. Sadie, Josie, and Carn are resigned to accept their fates - Sadie's, involuntary life in Carn; Josie's, debauchery and death; and Carn's, economic desolation. Carn is very well written and is a wonderful book. However, not everyone will enjoy it. There is a considerable amount of history involved in it, so people who enjoy history will benefit from it. It is also very depressing, so readers who love happy endings will be disappointed with the conclusion of the story. For these reasons I did not enjoy reading this book, however I do understand the literary merit that is displayed by McCabe. The story line and characters are well developed, and it is an interesting story. I recommend it to anyone who is learning about the conflicts in Ireland, or to anyone who likes to get to know fictional characters in a personal way.

Rock Fest at Hard Rock

Rock Fest at Hard Rock In order for specific events and projects to be successful, an effective and efficient plan is necessary. A plan reflects the possible outcome of the project or event at hand. Planning is described as the method of deciding what to do and the process of how to execute them (Kerzner, 2003). It allows the integration of people’s values, attitude, needs, and preference in coming up with sound decisions. Good planning is signified by a fine short term decision that has major impact on long term objectives (Bartholomew, 2005). It is a social activity that involves various people, thus participation and management of people is vital as results are affected by how people are involved, and is not confine in identifying problems that the group would encounter and finding out the easiest solution to them. It could become a good learning process not only for the problems at hand but also for future situations (Kerzner, 2003). In holding an event such as a rock fest with a 9 month plan horizon, time is of the essence. For the first few months it is important to secure the services of the bands that would play on the night of the rock fest. It is the organizer’s first priority as performers have tight schedule and they might find it hard to tap their services on the night of the scheduled event. For me, tapping their services and joining them altogether in one evening would be the most critical path. About a month or two after the event was proposed, a complete line up of performers should have been finalized and the target schedule date should be revealed. Organizers may find it hard to look for that common time of every band, if notification would not come during the early stages of the proposed rock event. Preparing the schedule and the list of the bands that would play would be the most challenging part for the organizers. After the list has been prepared and bands have made their commitment to be included in the rock fest, the next phase for the project would be advertising and promoting it. These would run for the next six months and so. The phase would include ironing out every details of the contract of the bands that would play, tickets sales, promotions, sponsorships and logistics. At this stage I see limited problem since Hard Rock Cafe is well known; posters, streamers and flyers could come in handy as funding for the project would not be limited and furthermore the organizer could easily make a tie up with their previous sponsors. The only thing that may derailed the project’s progress is if the project coordinator failed to come up with a catchy title, poster designs and taglines that would make the rock fest even more exciting. A month before the rock fest, the focus then would be preparing for the rock site, lighting and sound systems and security, contributes heavily to the organizer’s focus. Good lighting and sound system add more spice and excitement to rock fest. Thus the beauty of the two elements is a must. Security, on the other hand, is a major concern to prevent unruly fans and mob from becoming more rowdy. This is another major challenge as many events are ruined by uncontrolled crowd. Bands unable to get into the venue and situation involving emergency cases would not pose a problem since a helicopter is on stand by ready to fly. With a good plan and proper management of resources from day one up to the night of the said event, there is no reason not to be optimistic with the rock fest’s result.

Hitler and Propaganda essays

Hitler and Propaganda essays Propaganda is defined by Mirriam-Webster's Dictionary as "any ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause." Throughout history, politicians and military leaders have utilized this questionable tactic to convey their messages, to introduce their opinions, and to sway the public towards acceptance of their beliefs and values. Usually, the word 'propaganda' has had negative connotations and it has traditionally been associated with tools of disrectful and immoral leaders such as Adolf Hitler. Unfortunately, propaganda has proven itself to be a powerful tool; capable of destroying the families, dreams, and nations. And as history demonstrates, the more advanced our communications and lifestyle becomes, the more vulnerable we are to propaganda. Propaganda's effect on people is often devestating. The intent is to influence feelings and opinions. Consequently, propaganda that does not successfully do this is ineffective and useless. Much like contemporary advertisers and marketers, people who use Propaganda usually find strength in their ability to manipulate the public by appealing to the interests and needs of a certain type, or group of people. Just like large company's invest in advertising which is meant towards influencing public belief and opinion about a product, strong, rich politicians and government agencices hire propagandists to design public propaganda campaigns aimed at making people believe in their cause. It is interesting to study the reasons that propaganda impacts people so greatly . Regarding Nazi, Germany, for example, many historians have said that Hitler's propaganda was so effective because it was designed to offer hope to an economically depressed people (Bankier 11-12) and because the Germans, who were very patriotic, were used to believing in their government (Grenier 49). This means Hitler was able to utilize the ...

How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese

How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese A particle is a word that shows the relationship of a word, a phrase, or a clause, to the rest of the sentence. The Japanese particles o and no are commonly used and have many functions depending on how it is used it a sentence. Read on for an explanation of these different usages. The Particle "O" The particle o is always written as ã‚’ not 㠁Š. "O": Direct Object Marker When o is placed after a noun, that indicates that the noun is the direct object. Below are a sentence examples of the o particle being used as a direct object marker. Kinou eiga o mimashita. æ˜ ¨Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Ëœ  Ã§â€ »Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I watched the movie yesterday.Kutsu o kaimashita. é  ´Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ² ·Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I bought shoes.Chichi wa maiasa Koohii o nomimasu. çˆ ¶Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯Å½Ã¦Å" Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'’ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€šâ€™Ã© £ ²Ã£  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- My father has coffee every morning. While o marks the direct object, some English verbs used in Japanese take the particle ga instead of o. There are not many of these verbs, but here are some examples. hoshii æ ¬ ²Ã£ â€"㠁„ - to wantsuki Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£   - to likekirai Ã¥ «Å'㠁„ - to dislikekikoeru è Å¾Ã£ â€œÃ£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to be able to hearmieru è ¦â€¹Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to be able to seewakaru 分㠁‹ã‚‹ - to understand "O": Route of Motion Verbs such as walk, run, pass, turn, drive and go through using the particle o to indicate the route that the movement follows.   Here are sentence examples of o used to indicate the route of motion. Basu wa toshokan no mae o toorimasu. ãÆ' Ã£â€š ¹Ã£  ¯Ã¥â€º ³Ã¦â€º ¸Ã© ¤ ¨Ã£  ®Ã¥â€° Ã£â€šâ€™Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- The bus passes in front of the library.Tsugi no kado o magatte kudasai. æ ¬ ¡Ã£  ®Ã¨ §â€™Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€º ²Ã£ Å'㠁 £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š- Please turn the next corner.Dono michi o tootte kuukou ni ikimasu ka. 㠁 ©Ã£  ®Ã© â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã§ © ºÃ¦ ¸ ¯Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- Which road do you take to get to the airport? "O": Point of Departure Verbs such as to leave, come out, or get off take the particle o to mark the place from which one gets off or leaves.   The following are sample sentences of the o particle used to indicate a point of departure. Hachi-ji ni ie o demasu. å… «Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  «Ã¥ ® ¶Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- I leave home at eight oclock.Kyonen koukou o sotsugyou shimashita. åŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã© «ËœÃ¦   ¡Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€™Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I graduated from high school last year.Asu Tokyo o tatte pari ni ikimasu. 明æâ€" ¥Ã¦  ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§â„¢ ºÃ£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ' ªÃ£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - I’m leaving Tokyo for Paris tomorrow. "O": Specific Occupation or Position In this case, the particle o indicates a specific occupation or position, which is usually followed by ~shiteiru or ~shiteimasu. See the following sentences for examples.   Tomoko no otousan wa bengoshi o shiteiru. æ™ ºÃ¥ ­ Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¥ ¼ Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š - Tomokos father is a lawyer.Watashi no ane wa kangofu o shiteimasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ §â€°Ã£  ¯Ã§Å"‹è ­ ·Ã¥ © ¦Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - My sister is a nurse. The Particle "No" The particle no is written out as  Ã£  ®.   "No": Possessive Marker No indicates ownership or attribution. It is similar to the English apostrophe s (s). These sample sentences show how the no particle is used as a possessive marker. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. 㠁“ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã§ § Ã£  ®Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- This is my book.Watashi no ane wa Tokyo ni sunde imasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ §â€°Ã£  ¯Ã¦  ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£  «Ã¤ ½ Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- My sister lives in Tokyo.Watashi no kaban no nakani kagi ga arimasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã£ â€¹Ã£  °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£  «Ã©  µÃ£ Å'㠁‚り㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- There is a key in my bag. Note that the final noun can be omitted if it is clear to both speaker and listener. For example: Are wa watashi no (kuruma) desu. 㠁‚ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã§ § Ã£  ®(è »Å )㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- That is mine (my car). "No": Indicating Position or Location To indicate the relative location of the first noun in a sentence, the no particle is used. Take these phrases for instance: tsukue no ue æÅ" ºÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸Å  - on the deskisu no shita 㠁„㠁™ã  ®Ã¤ ¸â€¹ - under the chairgakkou o tonari Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡Ã£  ®Ã©Å¡ £ - next to the schoolkouen no mae - å… ¬Ã¥Å"’㠁 ®Ã¥â€°  - in front of the parkwatashi no ushiro ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¾Å'ã‚  - behind me "No": Noun Modification The noun before no modifies the noun after no. This usage is similar to the possessive, but it is seen more with compound nouns or noun phrases. The following sentences show how the no particle can be used to modify a noun. Nihongo no jugyou wa tanoshii desu. æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã¦Å½Ë†Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- The Japanese class is interesting.Bijutsu no hon o sagashite imasu. ç ¾Å½Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ£  ®Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦Å½ ¢Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- I am looking for a book on fine arts. No as a noun modifier can be used many times in one sentence. In this usage, the order of nouns in Japanese is the reverse of English. The normal Japanese order is from large to small, or general to specific. Osaka daigaku no nihongo no sensei Ã¥ ¤ §Ã©Ëœ ªÃ¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸ - a teacher of Japanese at Osaka universityyooroppa no kuni no namae ãÆ' ¨Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'‘㠁 ®Ã¥â€º ½Ã£  ®Ã¥  Ã¥â€°  - the names of the countries in Europe "No": Apposition The no particle can also show that the first noun is in apposition to the second noun. For instance: Tomodachi no Keiko-san desu. Ã¥ â€¹Ã© â€Ã£  ®Ã¦  µÃ¥ ­ Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- This is my friend, Keiko.Bengoshi no Tanaka-san wa itsumo isogashisou da. Ã¥ ¼ Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£  ®Ã§â€ °Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥ ¿â„¢Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£   Ã£â‚¬â€š - The lawyer, Mr. Tanaka seems to be busy all the time.Ano hachijussai no obaasan wa ki ga wakai. 㠁‚㠁 ®Ã¥â€¦ «Ã¥  Ã¦ ­ ³Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã£  °Ã£ â€šÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¦ °â€"㠁Å'è‹ ¥Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š - That eighty-year-old woman has a youthful spirit. "No": Sentence Ending Particle No is also used at the end of a sentence. Read up on ​sentence ending particles to learn about the usage.

Summary of Article on Current Business Issue Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Magazine Exceptionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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